HEMUNDA OAS Prelim Mock Test
Modern Indian History
Questions with Explanations
1. During the first Carnatic War, the French Governor-General of Pondicherry
was
A. La Bourdonnais
B. Captain Paradise
C. Dupleix
D. Count-de-Lally
Answer: Option C
Explanation: General Joseph François Dupleix was the French
Governor-General of Pondicherry during the first Carnatic War.
2. The first Carnatic War in India was an extension of the Anglo-French War
in
A. Canada
B. Europe
C. Africa
D. America
Answer: Option B
Explanation: First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in
Europe which the Austrian War of Succession caused.
3. Which of the following statement is related to the provision of the Charter
Act of 1833?
A. Allowed the Company’s monopoly of tea trade and trade with
China
B. Put an end to the Company’s tea trade and trade with China
C. Has not interfered with Company’s tea trade and trade with China
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D. Allowed the Company’s monopoly of tea trade and trade with
China for ten years
Answer: Option B
Explanation: The East India Company Act 1813, also known as the Charter Act
1813, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the
charter issued to the British East India Company, and continued the Company’s
rule in India. However, the Company’s commercial monopoly was ended, except
for the tea and opium trade and the trade with China, reflecting the growth of
British power in India.
4. Why was the Second Round Table Conference failed?
A. Priority to be given to the communal question
B. Suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement
C. Grant of Dominion Status
D. Date of transfer of power
Answer: Option A
Explanation: Due to wide-scale participation, the Government claimed that the
Congress did not represent the interests of All India. But, Gandhi claimed that
Congress Represented India. Gandhi iterated the need for a partnership between
Britain and India as between two equal nations.
5. My strongest bulwark is gone lamented Mahatma Gandhi on the death of
A. Gopalakrishna Gokhale
B. Motilal Nehru
C. Pheroze Shah Mehta
D. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Answer: Option D
Explanation: My strongest bulwark is gone lamented Mahatma Gandhi on the
death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
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6. The author of ‘A Nation in the Making’ was
A. SN Banerjee
B. Mahatma Gandhi
C. Hume
D. Tilak
Answer: Option A
Explanation: SN Banerjee's defeat at the polls in 1923 brought his political career
to a close and he went on to write the widely acclaimed A Nation in Making,
published in 1925.
7. The famous resolution on Non-Cooperation under the inspiration of
Mahatma Gandhi was adopted in a special session of Congress held at
Calcutta in
A. September 1920.
B. December 1922.
C. October 1924.
D. November 1925.
Answer: Option A
Explanation: The famous resolution on Non-Cooperation under the
inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi was adopted in a special session of
Congress held at Calcutta in September 1920.
8. Mahatma Gandhi had been joined the Champaran struggle by
A. Vallabhbhai Patel and Vinoba Bhave
B. Rajendra Prasad and Anugraha Narayan Sinha
C. Mahadev Desai and Maniben Patel
D. Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: Option D
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi joined the Champaran struggle by Rajendra
Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru.
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9. Which of the following Congress leader rejected the ‘August Offer’ of
1940?
A. Lord Wavell
B. Lord Linlithgow
C. Sir George Stanley
D. Lord Willingdon
Answer: Option B
Explanation: The Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, stated Simla on 8 August
1940 in response to when congress formally asked England to affirm its
adherence to the goal of Independence for India which is popularly known as
August Offer.
10. “India for the Indians” was the political message of
A. D E Wacha
B. Vivekanand
C. Dayanand
D. Hume
Answer: Option C
Explanation: “India for the Indians” was the political message of Dayanand.
11.Who declared “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”?
A. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
B. Bal Gangadhara Tilak
C. Lala Lajpat Rai
D. K.T Telang
Answer: Option B
Explanation : Bal Gangadhar Tilak is also known as Lokmanya Tilak. He
was against the discriminative attitude of the British government. He along
with Annie Besant started Home Rule Movement across the country,
seeking self-government in India.
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12. Who said, “The Simmon Commission Report should be thrown on a
heap of rubbish”?
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Shivaswami Iyer
C. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
D. Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: Option B
Explanation: Shivaswami Iyer examined the Simon Commission Report and said
that this report should be thrown into a heap of rubbish.
13. Mahatma Gandhi compared Pherozeshah Mehta with the Himalayas,
Tilak with the Ocean, and Gokhale with
A. the Sky
B. the Ganges
C. the Gangotri
D. the Mansarovar Lake
Answer: Option B
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi compared Pherozeshah Mehta with the
Himalayas, Tilak with the Ocean, and Gokhale with the Ganges.
14. Who was the Nawab of Bengal during “The battle of Plassey”?
A. Mir Jafar
B. Mir Qasim
C. Sirajudduala
D. None of these
Answer: Option C
Explanation: The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the Nawab
of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah and the east India company. The Victory of the
British forces in this battle paved the way the British rule in India.
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15. Which one of the following was not a French settlement in India?
A. Puducherry
B. Mahe
C. Goa
D. Chandannagar
Answer: Option C
Explanation: Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas
territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by
India in 1961. In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the
help of a local ally, Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent
settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa).
16. Who contemptuously referred to Mahatma Gandhi as a half-naked
fakir?
A. Lord Wavell
B. Lord Irwin
C. Lord Willingdon
D. Winston Churchill
Answer: Option D
Explanation: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once called Mahatma
Gandhi “a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir... striding
half-naked up the steps of the Viceregal Palace.”
17. Who called Sree Narayana Guru ‘The Second Buddha’?
A. G. Sankara Kurup
B. Swami Vivekananda
C. Bodhananda Swamikal
D. Moorkoth Kumaran
Answer: Option A
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Explanation: G.Sankara Kurup called Shri Narayana Guru as Second
Buddha.
18. AI Hilal was a
A. Mosque
B. Journal
C. Madrasah
D. Garden
Answer: Option B
Explanation: The Al-Hilal was a weekly Urdu language newspaper established by
the Indian leader Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and used as a medium for criticism
of the British Raj in India. The first issue came out on 13 July 1912.
19. The Permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis is in Bengal is
known as
A. Ryotwari System
B. Mahalwari System
C. Zamindari System
D. Iqtadari System
Answer: Option C
Explanation: Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793
through the Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in the provinces
of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Varanasi. Zamindars were recognized as
owners of the lands. Zamindars were given the right to collect the rent from
the peasants.
20. The Inquiry Committee on the Jallianwaia Bagh incident was headed by
A. Dyer
B. Irwin
C. Hunter
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D. Simon
Answer: Option C
Explanation: On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of
State for India, Edwin Montagu, the Government of India announced the
formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to
as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it was later more widely known as the
Hunter Commission.
21. Pitt’s India Act brought the company in direct subordination to a body
representing __________
A. The Parliament of Britain
B. The English Merchants in India
C. The Indian Merchants
D. the Princely States
Answer: Option A
Explanation: The East India Company Act 1784, also known as Pitt’s India Act,
was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the
shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company’s
rule in India under the control of the British Government.
22. The most famous woman disciple of Vivekananda was
A. Madam Blavatsky
B. Annie Besant
C. Sister Nivedita
D. Sarojini Naidu
Answer: Option C
Explanation: Sister Nivedita born Margaret Elizabeth Noble; 28 October 1867 –
13 October 1911) was an Irish teacher, author, social activist, school founder, and
disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
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23. Which of these battles proved decisive in the Anglo-French rivalry in
India?
A. Battle of Wandiwash
B. Battle of Plassey
C. Battle of Mysore
D. Battle of Seringapatnam
Answer: Option A
Explanation: The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the
Seven Years’ War. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the
British, after collecting a huge amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the
French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated.
24. The capital of Tipu Sultan, where he died while fighting the Fourth
Anglo-Mysore war in 1799, was
A. Bangalore
B. Mysore
C. Seringapatam
D. Hellebid or Halebid
Answer: Option C
Explanation: The capital of Tipu Sultan, where he died while fighting the
Fourth Anglo-Mysore war in 1799, was Seringapatam.
25. The All India Muslim league was founded by
A. Maulana Ahmed Ali
B. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
C. Agha Khan
D. Hakim Ajmal Khan
Answer: Option C
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Explanation: All India Muslim League was founded by the Agha Khan and
Salim-Ullah-Khan (Nawab of Dhaka) in December 1906.
26. Who worte “Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna Ab Hamaare Dil Mein Hai”?
A. Mohammad Iqbal
B. Ramprasad Bismil
C. Kazi Nazrul Islam
D. Firaq Gorakhpuri
Answer: Option B
Explanation: Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna is a patriotic poem which was written
by Bismil Azimabadi in 1921. Later it was immortalized by Ram Prasad
Bismil.
27. The song ‘Jana-Gana-Mana’ composed by Rabindra Nath Tagore was
first published in January 1912 under the title of
A. Jay He
B. Rashtra Jagriti
C. Bharat Vidhata
D. Matribhoomi
Answer: Option C
Explanation: Jana-Gana-Mana was composed by Rabindra Nath Tagore in
the Bengali language. The song Jana Gana Mana was first published
under the title “Bharat Vidhata” in Tattva Bodhini Patrika in January 1912.
28.According to the terms of the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’, Indian rulers were
1. Not allowed to have their independent armed forces
2. Supposed to protect the British representatives in the princely states
Select the correct answer code:
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a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution: a)
According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent
armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the “subsidiary
forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. If the
Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as a penalty.
For example, when Richard Wellesley was Governor-General (1798-1805), the Nawab of
Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company in 1801, as he failed to pay
for the “subsidiary forces”. Hyderabad was also forced to cede territories on similar grounds.
29. Consider the following statements regarding the Quit India movement.
1. The Quit India Movement is also known as ‘August Kranti’.
2. The immediate trigger for the movement was the failure of the Cabinet Mission
plan and its offerings.
3. In sharp contrast to the Non-cooperation movement, where Gandhi withdrew
after the Chauri Chaura incident, in the Quit India movement he refused to
condemn the people’s resort to violence.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 1, 2
c) 2, 3
d) 1, 3
Solution: d)
The Quit India Movement, also known as ‘August Kranti’, was a freedom movement led by
Mahatma Gandhi. It began on 8th August 1942 and turned out to be one of the most popular
and powerful mass movements for independence. The immediate trigger for the movement was
the failure of Cripps Mission and its offerings.
In sharp contrast to the Non-cooperation movement, where Gandhi withdrew after the Chauri
Chaura incident, in the Quit India movement he not only refused to condemn the people’s resort
to violence but unequivocally held the government responsible for it.
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30. Who among the following formulated the concept of poverty as a measurable
development indicator in the Indian subcontinent?
a) M. Ranade
b) Romesh Chandra Dutt
c) Dadabhai Naoroji
d) V.K.R.V Rao
Solution: c)
Dadabhai Naoroji in his book, “Poverty and unBritish Rule in India” made the earliest estimation
of the poverty line.
31. The aim of education as stated by the Wood’s despatch of 1854 was:
a) the spread of western culture In India
b) spreading English learning and female education in India
c) the introduction of scientific research and rationalism in the traditional Indian
education
d) the creation of employment opportunities for native Indians
Solution: b)
Sir Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control, played an important role in spreading
English learning and female education in India.
Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must
adopt Anglo-vernacular language and at the college-level English should be the medium of
education. This is known as Wood’s despatch. Vocational and women’s education were also
stressed.
One of the most favorable steps taken was to create an English class among Indian people to
be used as workforce in the company’s administration.
32. Which one of the following is not a feature of the Government of India Act of 1935?
a) An All-India federation
b) Provincial autonomy
c) Diarchy at the Centre as well as in the provinces
d) A bicameral legislature
Solution: c)
Salient Features of the Government of India Act 1935 were as follows:
● Abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at the center.
● Abolition of Indian Council and introduction of an advisory body in its place.
● Provision for an All India Federation with British India territories and princely states.
● Elaborate safeguards and protective instruments for minorities.
● Supremacy of British Parliament.
● Increase in size of legislatures, an extension of the franchise, division of subjects into
three lists, and retention of communal electorate.
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● Separation of Burma from India.
33. At which Congress Session was the Working Committee authorized to launch a
program of Civil Disobedience?
a) Calcutta
b) Lucknow
c) Lahore
d) Karachi
Solution: c)
At the Lahore session (1929, President – J.L. Nehru) the working committee was authorized to
launch a program of Civil Disobedience.
34. A manifesto titled “The Revolutionary”, which was produced as evidence in the
Kakori conspiracy case of 1925, was written by
a) W.C. Banerjee
b) Badruddin Tyabji
c) Sachindranath Sanyal
d) Bhagat Singh
Solution: c)
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organization adhering
to Marxism and Socialism. Previously, it was known as the Hindustan Republican Association
(HRA), whose written constitution and published a manifesto titled The Revolutionary were
produced as evidence in the Kakori conspiracy case of 1925. Sachindranath Sanyal wrote the
manifesto. This was distributed around large cities of North India on 1 January 1925. It
proposed the overthrow of British colonial rule and its replacement with what it termed a
“Federal Republic of the United States of India”.
35. Which of the following is the oldest trade union federation in India?
a) The Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)
b) Hind Mazdoor Sangh (H.M.S.)
c) Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
d) All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
Solution: d)
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was the oldest trade union federation in India
founded in 1920. Lala Lajpat Rai was its first president and Dewan Chaman Lal was its general
secretary.
36. With reference to the Simon Commission’s recommendations, which one of the
following statements is correct?
a) It suggested the abolition of the bicameral legislature at the Centre
b) It recommended the creation of the Indian Revenue Service with a provision for
increased pay and allowances for British recruits as compared to Indian Recruits
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c) It proposed the setting up of an interprovincial council under the Home Department
d) It recommended the replacement of diarchy with responsible government in the
provinces
Solution: d)
An all-white, seven-member Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon
Commission, was set up by the British government on November 8, 1927. The commission was
to recommend to the British government whether India was ready for further constitutional
reforms and along what lines.
The Simon Commission published a two-volume report in May 1930. It proposed the abolition of
dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces which should be
given autonomy. It said that the governor should have discretionary power in relation to internal
security and administrative powers to protect the different communities. The number of
members of the provincial legislative council should be increased.
37. Which of the following act first recognized the voting rights of women in India?
a) Government of India Act 1909
b) Government of India Act 1919
c) Government of India Act 1935
d) None of the above
Solution: b)
Government of India Act, 1919 for the first time allowed women to vote.
38. The Rowlatt Act aimed at
a) Suppression of Khilafat Movement
b) Introduction of separate communal electorates for Muslims
c) Imprisonment without trial for political activists
d) None of the statements a, b, and c is correct
Solution: c)
The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned without trial. It
allowed the arrest of Indians without a warrant on the mere suspicion of ‘treason’. Such
suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help.
39. After returning from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi launched his first successful
satyagraha in
a) Chauri-Chaura
b) Ahmedabad
c) Champaran
d) Bardoli
Solution: c)
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India.
When Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and saw peasants in northern India
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oppressed by indigo planters, he tried to use the same methods that he had used in South
Africa to organize mass uprisings by people to protest against injustice.
40. The First ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi in India was
a) Sabarmati Ashram
b) Bardoli Taluka Ashram
c) Kochrab Ashram, near Ahmedabad
d) Sevagram Ashram
Solution: c)
The Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India organized by Mahatma Gandhi. Founded on
25 May 1915, Kochrab Ashram was located near the city of Ahmedabad.
41. Consider the following statements regarding the Third Battle of Panipat.
1. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and the invading
armies of Afghan general Ahmed Shah Abdali.
2. After the battle, the Marathas lost their preeminent position in north India, which
ultimately paved the way for British colonial powers to take over.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution: c)
The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and the invading armies of
Afghan general Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1761. The battle, fought about 90 km north of Delhi, was
won by the Afghans and left about 40,000 troops of the Marathas dead. After the battle, the
Marathas lost their preeminent position in north India, which ultimately paved the way for British
colonial powers to take over.
42. Consider the following statements regarding Portuguese in India.
1. The Portuguese were the last Europeans to come to India and were also the last
to leave India.
2. The Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India was the first recorded trip
made directly from Europe to India.
3. The Portuguese were quite tolerant of all religions in India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1, 2
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b) 2 only
c) 2, 3
d) 1, 2, 3
Solution: b)
The Portuguese, the first Europeans to come to India, were also the last to leave this land. It
was 1961 before the Government of India recaptured Goa, Daman, and Diu from them.
The Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India was the first recorded trip made directly from
Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, in the Atlantic Ocean. It was undertaken under the
command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in
1495–1499.
The Portuguese brought with them the same zeal to promote Christianity and the wish to
persecute all Muslims. Intolerant towards the Muslims, the Portuguese were initially quite
tolerant towards the Hindus. However, over time, after the introduction of the Inquisition in Goa,
there was a change, and Hindus were also persecuted.
43. Partition of Bengal was revoked in 1911 by
a) Lord Minto
b) Lord Hardinge
c) Lord Chelmsford
d) Lord Curzon
Solution: b)
In July 1905, Curzon announced the partition of the undivided Bengal Presidency. Curzon left
for Britain in 1905, but the agitation continued for many years. Partition was finally reversed in
1911 by Lord Hardinge in the face of unrelenting opposition.
44. Which one of the following defines extremist ideology during the early phase of the
Indian Freedom Movement?
a) Organising coups against the British Empire through military revolt.
b) Stimulating the production of indigenous goods by giving them preference over
imported commodities.
c) Providing national education according to the extremist ideology
d) Obtaining self-government by aggressive means in place of petitions and
constitutional ways.
Solution: d)
After 1905, the Extremists acquired a dominant influence over the Swadeshi Movement in
Bengal. The Extremists believed in the ideology of ‘Swaraj’ which meant complete freedom from
British rule. They did not stick to constitutional methods to protest and demand. They resorted to
boycotts, strikes, etc.
45. Which of the following movements was also known as the “Vande Matram
movement”?
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a) Non-cooperation movement
b) Civil disobedience movement
c) Quit India Movement
d) None of the above
Solution: d)
Vandemataram Movement is also known as the Swadeshi Movement. It was an anti-Bengal
partition movement. The Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal province into two in 1905. Bengal
people observed 16th October as a day of mourning when the partition came into force. The
song Vandemataram written by Bakim Chandra Chatterjee became the prayer song for
meetings on the anti-partition movement.
46. During the Swadeshi Movement, which of the following leader declared that “Political
Freedom is the life-breath of a nation”?
a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
b) Bipin Chandra Pal
c) Aurobindo Ghose
d) Rabindranath Tagore
Solution: c)
The militant nationalists tried to transform the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement into a
mass struggle and gave the slogan of India’s independence from foreign rule. “Political freedom
is the life-breath of a nation,” declared Aurobindo. Thus, the Extremists gave the idea of India’s
independence the central place in India’s politics. The goal of independence was to be achieved
through self-sacrifice.
47. Which of the following was the reaction of the educated middle class in the revolt of
1857?
a) They supported the revolt
b) They opposed the revolt
c) They remained neutral
d) They fought against the native rulers
Solution: c)
The revolt of 1857 did not spread to all parts of the country. Nor was it supported by all groups
and sections of the Indian society. South and West India remained largely outside the fold of the
revolt. Many Indian rulers refused to help the rebels and some were openly hostile to the rebels
and helped the British in suppressing the revolt. The middle and upper classes and the modern
educated Indians also did not support the revolt.
48. Governor-General who followed a spirited “Forward” policy towards Afghanistan was
a) Wellesley
b) Lytton
c) Cornwallis
d) Minto
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Solution: b)
Lytton was viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880. During this time he worked to improve the
Indian administration and supervised his government’s much-criticized response to the Great
Famine of 1876–78. Lytton was also widely criticized for his assertive, “forward” policy toward
Afghanistan, which in the view of his detractors was responsible for provoking the Second
Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80).
49. Consider the following statements regarding the Treaty of Allahabad.
1. It was associated with the Battle of Plassey.
2. The rights given by this treaty allowed the East India Company to collect revenue
directly from the people in certain provinces.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution: b)
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and
Robert Clive, of the East India Company, as a result of the Battle of Buxar.
Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or
the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of
Bengal-Bihar-Odisha.
Thus, the East India Company got appointed as the imperial tax collector for the Eastern
province. These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue directly from the people of
Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute to the emperor.
50. Consider the following statements.
1. He was the editor of the ‘Indian Opinion.
2. He was instrumental in founding the Benares Hindu University in 1916 and also
became its Vice-Chancellor.
3. He worked for the temple entry of Dalits at the Kalaram Temple at Nashik.
The above statements refer to
a) V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
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c) Surendranath Tagore
d) Madan Mohan Malaviya
Solution: d)
Madan Mohan Malaviya was a freedom fighter and social reformer.
● He had served as the President of the INC on four occasions.
● He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 2014.
● He was the editor of a Hindi magazine, ‘Hindostan’.
● He became the editor of the ‘Indian Opinion’ in 1889. He also started a Hindi weekly
‘Abhyudaya’, an English daily ‘Leader’, and a Hindi newspaper ‘Maryada’.
● Pandit Malaviya was instrumental in founding the Benares Hindu University in 1916. He
also became its Vice-Chancellor till 1939.
● He was opposed to separate electorates to Muslims and the Lucknow Pact.
● He was also against the INC’s participation in the Khilafat Movement.
● He was a participant in the Second Round Table Conference in 1931.
● He was also a social reformer who opposed untouchability. He worked for the temple
entry of Dalits at the Kalaram Temple at Nashik, Maharashtra.
51. Gandhi suspended which of these movements calling it a ‘Himalayan Blunder’?
a) Non-cooperation movement
b) Satyagraha movement against Rowlatt Act
c) Quit India movement
d) Civil Disobedience Movement
Solution: b)
Gandhi’s entry into public life began with the ‘Satyagraha’ in the Champaran district of Bihar in
1917. He could mobilize the peasants of this district against the exploitation of European indigo
planters. In 1918, Gandhiji led a “no tax campaign” at Khera in Gujarat where the peasants were
not able to pay the revenue due to famine. But, after the Jalianwala Bagh tragedy, the
government expressed no sign of regret but went ahead with more repression. Mahatma
Gandhi was shocked and suspended the ‘Satyagraha’ declaring it a “Himalayan Blunder”. It was
because he had asked those people to pursue non-violence who could not afford to be
non-violent. The Satyagraha movement failed in attaining its object as the government did not
withdraw the Rowlatt Act. However, it was the first experiment of non-violence of Gandhiji in
Indian politics.
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